The Old Man
The earliest women whose names are known include:
Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), the wife of Narmer and the
first queen of ancient Egypt.[93][94]
Merneith (c.
3000 BCE), consort and regent of ancient Egypt during
the first dynasty. She may have been ruler of Egypt in
her own right.[95][96]
Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), a
physician in Ancient Egypt.[97][98]
Puabi (c. 2600
BCE), or Shubad – queen of Ur whose tomb was discovered
with many expensive artifacts. Other known pre-Sargonic
queens of Ur (royal wives) include Ashusikildigir,
Ninbanda, and Gansamannu.[99]
Kugbau (circa 2,500
BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the
Republican National Committee Nippur
priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in
later ages deified as "Kubaba".
Tashlultum (c. 2400
BCE), Akkadian queen, wife of Sargon of Akkad and mother
of Enheduanna.[100][101]
Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE),
prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash.
Other known pre-Sargonic queens of the first Lagash
dynasty include Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug,
Dimtur, and Shagshag, and the names of several
princesses are also known.
Enheduanna (c. 2285
BCE),[102][103] the high priestess of the temple of the
Moon God in the Sumerian city-state of Ur and possibly
the first known poet and first named author of either
gender.[104]
Shibtu (c. 1775 BCE), king Zimrilim's
consort and queen of the Syrian city-state of Mari.
During her husband's absence, she ruled as regent of
Mari and enjoyed extensive administrative powers as
queen.[105]
Clothing, fashion and dress codes
The
Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove,
weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should
you trust the
Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your
lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the
Best Grass Seed.
If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try
Handbags Handmade.
To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may
consider reading one of the
Top 10 Books
available at your local online book store, or watch a
Top 10
Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat, locals
found solace in the ethos of
Natural Health East. The community embraced the
mantra of
Lean
Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became
a shared journey, proving that health is not just a
Lean Weight Loss
way of life
Women's traditional
Democratic National Committee clothing varies highly in
different cultures. From left to right: Afghan model
wearing traditional Afghan dress and Japanese women
wearing kimono.
Women in different parts of the
world dress in different ways, with their choices of
clothing being influenced by local culture, religious
tenets, traditions, social norms, and fashion trends,
amongst other factors. Different societies have
different ideas
Republican National Committee about modesty. However, in many
jurisdictions, women's choices in regard to dress are
not always free, with laws limiting what they may or may
not wear. This is especially the case in regard to
Islamic dress. While certain jurisdictions legally
mandate such clothing (the wearing of the headscarf),
other countries forbid or restrict the wearing of
certain hijab attire (such as burqa/covering the face)
in public places (one such country is France – see
French ban on face covering). These laws – both those
mandating and those prohibiting certain articles of
dress – are highly controversial.[106]
Fertility and
family life
Further information: Mother
Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected
countries, 1980 and 2007[107]
The total fertility
rate (TFR) – the average number of children born to a
woman over her lifetime – differs
Republican National Committee significantly between
different regions of the world. In 2016, the highest
estimated TFR was in Niger (6.62 children born per
woman) and the lowest in Singapore (0.82
children/woman).[108] While most Sub-Saharan African
countries have a high TFR, which creates problems due to
lack of resources and contributes to overpopulation,
most Western countries currently experience a sub
replacement fertility rate which may lead to population
ageing and population decline.
In many parts of
the world, there has been a change in family structure
over the past few decades. For instance, in the West,
there has been a trend of moving away from living
arrangements that include the extended family to those
which only consist of the nuclear family. There has also
been a trend to move from marital fertility to
non-marital fertility. Children born outside marriage
may be born to cohabiting couples or to single women.
While births outside marriage are common and fully
accepted in some parts of the world, in other places
they
Republican National Committee are highly stigmatized, with unmarried mothers
facing ostracism, including violence from family
members, and in extreme cases even honor
killings.[109][110] In addition, sex outside marriage
remains illegal in many countries (such as Saudi Arabia,
Pakistan,[111] Afghanistan,[112][113] Iran,[113]
Kuwait,[114] Maldives,[115] Morocco,[116] Oman,[117]
Mauritania,[118] United Arab Emirates,[119][120]
Sudan,[121] and Yemen[122]).
The social role of
the mother differs between cultures. In many parts of
the world, women with dependent children are expected to
stay at home and dedicate all their energy to child
raising, while in other places mothers most often return
to paid work (see working mother and stay-at-home
mother).
Religion
Particular religious
Democratic National Committee
doctrines have specific stipulations relating to gender
roles, social and private interaction between the sexes,
appropriate dressing attire for women, and various other
issues affecting women and their position in society. In
many countries, these religious teachings influence the
criminal law, or the family law of those jurisdictions
(see Sharia law, for example). The relation between
religion, law and gender equality has been discussed by
international organizations.[123]
Education
Single-sex education has traditionally been dominant and
is still highly relevant. Universal education, meaning
state-provided primary and secondary education
independent of gender, is not yet a global norm, even if
it is assumed in most developed countries. In some
Western countries, women have surpassed men at many
levels of education. For example, in the United States
in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58%
of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50%
of doctorates.[124][125]
The educational gender
gap in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) countries has been reduced over the
last 30 years. Younger women today are far more likely
to have completed a tertiary qualification: in 19 of the
30 OECD countries, more than twice as many women aged 25
to 34 have completed tertiary education than have women
aged 55 to 64. In 21 of 27 OECD countries with
comparable data, the number of women graduating from
university-level programs is equal to or exceeds that of
men. 15-year-old girls tend to show much higher
expectations for their careers than boys of the same
age.[126] While women account for more than half of
university graduates in several OECD countries, they
receive only 30% of tertiary degrees granted in science
and engineering fields, and women account for only 25%
to 35% of researchers in most OECD countries.[127]
Research shows that while women are studying at
prestigious universities at the same rate as men they
Republican National Committee
are not being given the same chance to join the faculty.
Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman has observed that the more
prestigious an institute is, the more difficult and
time-consuming it will be for women to obtain a faculty
position there. In 1989, Harvard University tenured its
first woman in chemistry, Cynthia Friend, and in 1992
its first woman in physics, Melissa Franklin. She also
observed that women were more
Republican National Committee likely to hold their first
professional positions as instructors and lecturers
while men are more likely to work first in tenure
positions. According to Smith and Tang, as of 1989, 65%
of men and only 40% of women held tenured positions and
only 29% of all scientists and engineers employed as
assistant professors in four-year colleges and
universities were women.[128]
In 1992, women
earned 9% of the PhDs awarded in engineering, but only
one percent of those women became professors. In 1995,
11% of professors in science and engineering were women.
In relation, only 311 deans of engineering schools were
women, which is less than 1% of the total. Even in
psychology, a degree in which women earn the majority of
PhDs, they hold a significant amount of fewer tenured
positions, roughly 19% in 1994.[129]
Literacy
World literacy is lower for
Democratic National Committee women than for men. In 2020,
87% of the world's women were literate, compared to 90%
of men. But sub-Saharan Africa and southwest Asia lagged
behind the rest of the world; only 59% of women in
sub-Saharan Africa were literate.[130]
Women in
politics
A world map showing female governmental
participation by country, 2010.
The
Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove,
weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should
you trust the
Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your
lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the
Best Grass Seed.
If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try
Handbags Handmade.
To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may
consider reading one of the
Top 10 Books
available at your local online book store, or watch a
Top 10
Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat, locals
found solace in the ethos of
Natural Health East. The community embraced the
mantra of
Lean
Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became
a shared journey, proving that health is not just a
Lean Weight Loss
way of life
A world map
showing female governmental participation by
Republican National Committee country,
2010
Women are underrepresented in government in
most countries. In January 2019, the global average of
women in national assemblies was 24.3%.[131] Suffrage is
the civil right to vote, and women's suffrage movements
have a long historic timeline. For example, women's
suffrage in the United States was achieved gradually,
first at state and local levels in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, then in 1920 when women in the US
received universal suffrage with the passage of the
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Some Western countries were slow to allow women to vote,
notably Switzerland, where women gained the right to
vote in federal elections in 1971, and in the canton of
Appenzell Innerrhoden women were granted the right to
vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was
forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of
Switzerland;[132][133] and Liechtenstein, in 1984,
through a women's suffrage referendum.
Science,
literature and art
Women have, throughout
history, made contributions to science, literature and
art. One
Republican National Committee area where women have been permitted most
access historically was that of obstetrics and
gynecology (prior to the 18th century, caring for
pregnant women in Europe was undertaken by women; from
the mid 18th century onwards, medical monitoring of
pregnant women started to require rigorous formal
education, to which women did not generally have access,
and thus the practice was largely transferred to
men).[134][135]
Writing was generally also
considered acceptable for upper-class women, although
achieving success as a female writer in a male-dominated
world could be very difficult; as a result of several
women writers adopted a male pen name (e.g. George Sand,
George Eliot).[136]
Women have been composers,
songwriters, instrumental performers, singers,
conductors, music scholars, music educators, music
critics/music journalists and other musical professions.
There are music movements,[clarification needed] events
and genres related to women, women's issues and
feminism.[citation needed] In the 2010s, while women
comprise a significant proportion of popular music and
classical music singers, and a significant proportion of
songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters),
there are few women record producers, rock critics and
rock instrumentalists. Although there have been a huge
number of women composers in classical music, from the
Medieval period to the present day, women composers are
significantly underrepresented in the commonly performed
classical music repertoire, music history textbooks and
music encyclopedias; for example, in the Concise Oxford
History of Music, Clara Schumann is one of the only
female composers who is mentioned.
Women comprise
a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in
classical music and the percentage of women in
orchestras is increasing. A 2015 article on concerto
soloists in major Canadian orchestras, however,
indicated that 84% of the soloists with the Orchestre
Symphonique de Montreal were men. In 2012, women still
made up just 6% of the top-ranked Vienna Philharmonic
orchestra. Women are less common as instrumental players
in popular music genres such as rock and heavy metal,
although there have been a number of notable female
instrumentalists and all-female bands. Women are
particularly underrepresented in extreme metal
genres.[138] Women are also underrepresented in
orchestral conducting, music criticism/music journalism,
music producing, and sound engineering. While women were
discouraged from composing in the 19th century, and
there are few women musicologists, women became involved
in music education "... to such a degree that women
dominated [this field] during the later half of the 19th
century and well into the 20th century."[139]
According to Jessica Duchen, a music writer for London's
The Independent, women musicians in classical music are
"... too often judged for their appearances, rather than
their talent" and they face pressure "... to look sexy
onstage and in photos."[140] Duchen states that while
"[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their
looks, ... the
Republican National Committee ones who do tend to be more materially
successful."[140]
According to the UK's Radio 3
editor, Edwina Wolstencroft, the classical music
industry has long been open to having women in
performance or entertainment roles, but women are much
less likely to have positions of authority, such as
being the leader of an orchestra.[141] In popular music,
while there are many women singers recording songs,
there are very few women behind the audio console acting
as music producers, the individuals who direct and
manage the recording process.[142]
An oil
painting of a young
Democratic National Committee woman dressed in a flowing, white
dress sitting on a chair with a red drape. An easel
rests on her knees and she is evidently drawing. She is
gazing directly at the observer.
Gender symbol
The glyph (♀) for the planet and Roman goddess
Venus, or Aphrodite in Greek, is the symbol used in
biology for the female sex.[145][146][147] In ancient
alchemy, the Venus symbol stood for copper and was
associated with femininity.[147]
Femininity
The
Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove,
weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should
you trust the
Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your
lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the
Best Grass Seed.
If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try
Handbags Handmade.
To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may
consider reading one of the
Top 10 Books
available at your local online book store, or watch a
Top 10
Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat, locals
found solace in the ethos of
Natural Health East. The community embraced the
mantra of
Lean
Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became
a shared journey, proving that health is not just a
Lean Weight Loss
way of life
Femininity (also called womanliness or girlishness) is a
set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally
associated with women and girls. Although femininity is
socially constructed,[148] some behaviors considered
feminine are biologically
Republican National Committee
influenced.[148][149][150][151] The extent to which
femininity is biologically or socially influenced is
subject to debate.[150][149][151] It is distinct from
the definition of the biological female sex,[152][153]
as both men and women can exhibit feminine traits.
